The course is designed for Freshers who want to build their carrier in VLSI domain as Physical design engineer. Training will be delivered by experts in physical design, as per the industry requirements. Importance is given to cover the concepts, methodology with good emphasis on hands-on training, using Industry Standard tools with lab sessions with quality project at the end of the course.
Course Syllabus
Module1 Introduction:-
Electromagnetic waves
- Radiation sources
- Frequency and wavelength
- Planar waves
- Diffraction and interference
- Near field and far field
- Polarization
- The logarithmic scale (dB)
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Time domain and Frequency domain
- Time and frequency
- Sinusoidal harmonies
- Fourier Transform
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Module2 Information and noise in communications:-
Signals and noise
- Noise sources
- Black body radiation
- Noise temperature
- Signal to noise ratio
- Noise figure
- Receive sensitivity
- Information capacity
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Power efficiency and spectral efficiency
- Spectral efficiency (bps per Hertz)
- Probability of error
- Power efficiency (BER per SNR)
- Constellation of symbols
- Error detection and correction
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Module3 Non Linearity:-
- Physical causes and possible problems
- Harmonies and inter-modulations
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- AM-PM distortions
- Harmonies in amplifiers
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Module4 Wave propagation:-
Line of sight propagation
- Friis equation
- Atmosphere effects
- Reflections
- Diffraction
- Fresnel zones
- Scattering
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Non line of sight
- Large scale fading
- Small scale fading
- Fast and slow fading
- Multi path losses
- Doppler effect
- Indoor fading
- HF propagation
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Module5 Transmit Receive Architectures:-
- Introduction
- Transmit-Receive link
- Transmitters
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- Receivers
- Software defined radio
- Optimal design of RF chains
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Module6 RF Detection and measurements:-
- Fourier transform
- Scalar and vector detectors
- Heterodyne receiver
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- Detector types
- Noise figure and sensitivity
- Distortions and Harmonics
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Module7 The Spectrum Analyzer:-
- Block diagram and principles
- Resolution
- Parameters of operation
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Module8 The Signal Analyzer:-
- Block diagram and principles
- Constellations
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Module9 RF and microwave passive devices:-
- Passive devices
- Cables
- Connectors and adapters
- Attenuators and terminations
- Combiners and hybrids
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- Directional couplers
- Phase shifters and delay lines
- Isolators and circulators
- Resonators
- Printed lines, coax lines and waveguides
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Module10 Filters:-
- Filter types (functional)
- Filter types (polynomials)
- Butterworth
- Chebishev
- Cauer
- Bessel
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- Main Parameters
- Ripple
- Delay
- Selectivity
- Bandwidth
- Number of sections
- Design methods
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Module11 RF and microwave active devices:-
Mixers
- Heterodyne and super-heterodyne
- Linearity and compression
- Losses and noise figure
- Image rejection
- IQ modulators
- Design Methods
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Amplifiers
Frequency sources
- Oscillators
- Synthesizers
- VCOs
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Module12 Transmission Lines and distributed systems:-
- Transmission lines
- Line impedance
- Load, short and open
- Standing waves
- VSWR
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- Scattering matrix
- Group velocity and phase velocity
- Group delay
- Smith chart
- Impedance matching
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Module13 The Network Analyzer:-
- S-matrix
- Block diagram and principles
- Accuracy
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- Calibration
- Non linear measurements
- Time domain measurement
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Module14 Antennas – main parameters:- Antennas – main types:-
Mixers
- Antenna functions
- Impedance matching
- Bandwidth
- Radiation patterns
- Beamwidth
- Side lobes and back lobes
- Directivity and effective area
- Gain and efficiency
- Polarization
- Cross polarization and losses
- Temperature
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Wire antennas
- Isotropic
- Dipole
- Monopole
- Bicone
- Discone
- Loop
- Helix
Aperture antennas
Arrays
- Yagi-Uda
- Log Periodic
- Microstrip
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Module15 Introduction to digital communications:-
- Sampling, Nyquist theorem
- Band limited sampling
- Quantization
- PAM pulse amplitude modulation
- PWM pulse width modulation
- PPM pulse position modulation
- PCM pulse code modulation
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- Base band Transmission
- Signaling
- Synchronization and Barker code
- Introduction to Information Theory
- Entropy
- Source coding, data compression
- Channel coding, error correction
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Module16 Digital Modulations:-
- Binary modulations
- Power efficiency and spectral efficiency
- ASK amplitude shift keying
- PSK phase shift keying
- FSK frequency shift keying
- M-Ary modulations
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- QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
- Link budget (Friis equation)
- OFDM
- Band limited channel (example: cellular)
- Signal limited channel (example: deep space)
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Module17 Demonstration of measurements - Spectral analysis:-
- measurement modes
- Resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth
- Attenuation and scaling
- Channel power
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- Adjacent channel power
- Harmonies
- Intermodulation
- Measurements in the Zero Span
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Module18 Demonstration of measurements - Signal analysis:-
- GSM burst generator, W-CDMA, QAM
- Analysis of EVM, ACP
- The supplier on the timeline
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- Symbols
- distortion products of the device
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Module19 Measurement demonstration - Network analysis:-
- Set-up and calibration of VNA
- Frequency sweep of filter and amplifier
- Return loss
- VSWR
- S-parameters
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- Insertion loss
- Group delay
- Power sweep of an amplifier
- Compression measurement
- AM-PM measurements
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